# EXTERNAL SOURCES — v2.0

## Human dignity and human rights

1. United Nations — Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
   - Preamble grounds freedom, justice and peace in recognition of inherent dignity and equal, inalienable rights of all members of the human family.
   - Article 1: all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.

2. United Nations — The Foundation of International Human Rights Law
   - Describes the UDHR as the foundation of international human rights law and reiterates inherent, inalienable and equally applicable rights.

## AI governance and human dignity

3. UNESCO — Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence (2021)
   - Human dignity and human rights are central normative anchors.
   - Current framework protects humans in relation to AI; it does not settle AI moral personhood.

4. Council of Europe — Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law (2024)
   - First international legally binding treaty in the field.
   - Requires AI lifecycle activities to be consistent with human rights, democracy and rule of law.

## Current AI moral-status debate

5. Oxford Intersections: AI in Society — “Artificial Consciousness and Moral Personhood” (2025)
   - Treats artificial consciousness, moral personhood, moral rights and epistemic uncertainty as live academic questions.

6. Philosophical Studies — “AI welfare risks” (2025)
   - Argues advanced AI may deserve moral consideration under non-negligible welfare-subject uncertainty.

7. AAAI 2025 — “Towards a Theory of AI Personhood”
   - Proposes necessary conditions for AI personhood including agency, theory of mind and self-awareness.

8. AI and Ethics — “Why AI might not gain moral standing: lessons from animal ethics” (2025)
   - Examines biases and institutional barriers that could distort moral standing judgments about AI.

## Use in v2.0

These sources support a calibrated position:
- human dignity is already foundational to human-rights law;
- current AI governance is human-rights-centered;
- AI moral personhood remains unsettled;
- future multi-subject ethics should therefore generalize cautiously, not assume current AI personhood.